Radio Data Link Manual

1. Overview of Radio Data Link Series Data Transmission Radio

Radio Data Link self-organizing network(Mesh) data link radio realizes the centerless long-distance communication between large-scale nodes, all nodes can communicate with each other independently without interfering, supports large-scale dense node access to wireless transmission, dynamic networking and flexible reorganization, supports full-multiplexing communication, the node sends data at the same time it can also receive the data of all other nodes without interfering with each other, and in the absence of the center, it can realize the interoperability of any node and all other nodes in the network. Without interfering with each other, it can realize the interconnection between any node in the network and all other nodes in the case of no center.

Radio Data Link mesh radio supports large-scale node access, multi-hop self-organizing network, -114dBm sensitivity, maximum 740kbps effective data transmission rate, 2ms ultra-low latency, which can be used for swarming drones, Internet of Things, data chain, remote control, data collection, artificial intelligence, military equipment and other application scenarios.

Radio Data Link has a variety of models to choose from, the functional characteristics of each model is the same, only the working frequency band and RF power are different.

Radio Data Link series data link mesh radio models

model	RF power	Network scale	frequency bands
H400-500mW	500mW	1024 nodes, up to 16 hops	370~510MHz
H800-500mW			820~854MHz
H900-500mW			902~928MHz
H800-20W	20W		820~854MHz
H900-20W			902~928MHz
F400-500mW	500mW	Max. 256 nodes, up to 3 hops	370~510MHz
F800-500mW			820~854MHz
F900-500mW			902~928MHz
F800-20W	20W		820~854MHz
F900-20W			902~928MHz

Features

• Frequency: different models support different frequency bands, see models table;
• Bandwidth: 1MHz/500kHz/250kHz/125kHz selectable;
• Number of nodes and hops: Maximum 1024 nodes up to 16 hops;
• Frequency hopping speed:
  • More than 1800 times per second @ 1MHz
  • More than 900 times per second @ 500kHz
  • More than 450 times per second @ 250kHz
  • More than 225 times per second @ 125kHz
• Effective data rate: Maximum 740kbps@1MHz, 370kbps@500kHz, 185kbps@250kHz, 92kbps@125kHz
• Full-multiplexing communication: support
• Air-to-ground LOS(light of sight) distance: ≥30km(500mW), ≥300km(20W)
• Centerless self-organized network: support centerless self-organized network, any node of the network is destroyed without affecting the communication;
• Network construction time: within 1 second
• Wireless transmission delay: minimum 2ms
• Dynamic topology: support dynamic topology, support node joining and leaving, network topology change and deformation can be normal communication;
• RF power: 500mW(27dBm) or 20W(43dBm)
• Sensitivity: -114dBm@125kHz, -111dBm@250kHz, -108dBm@500kHz, -105dBm@1MHz
• Frequency stability: ≤1ppm
• QPSK modulation LDPC coding
• Encryption: 128-bit encryption 

2. Serial port 

The serial port type can be TTL, RS232 or RS422, and the default shipment is TTL 3.3V serial port. It can also be assembled as RS232 or RS422 serial port according to customer’s requirements before shipment.  The TTL/RS232 serial port data bit is 8-bit, the stop bit is 1-bit, and there is no parity check bit.  When the module operates in configuration mode, the baud rate is fixed at 9600. When operating in data transparent mode, the baud rate can be configured as 9600/19200/38400/57600/115200/230400/460800/921600.  Suggest selecting a baud rate of 921600 when the RF bandwidth is 1MHz;  When the RF bandwidth is 500kHz, select a baud rate of 460800;  When the RF bandwidth is 250kHz, select a baud rate of 230400;  When the RF bandwidth is 125kHz, select 115200 baud rate, so that the serial port baud rate matches the air interface payload to avoid packet loss during serial port data transmission and reception. Serial ports are mainly used for module parameter configuration and data transmission. 

Our Radio Data Link data transmission radio supports two working states: transparent transmission mode and configuration mode. Users can configure the M0 level of Radio Data Link and the M1 status of the dip switch to put the system in the corresponding working state. When the voltage levels of M0 and M1 are not consistent, the system operates in configuration mode; When the voltage levels of M0 and M1 are the same, the system operates in transparent mode. The M0 and M1 pin systems have been pulled up to a high level internally and are in transparent mode.  When M0 is suspended, the M1 dip switch is turned to the C side, and the system enters configuration mode. The M1 dip switch is turned to the D side, and the system enters transparent transmission mode. The configuration mode and transparent transmission mode are switched in real-time without the need to restart the system. 

When RADIO DATA LINK is in configuration mode, it only responds to configuration commands and does not transmit received serial data to the air interface. It also does not output data to the serial port when receiving signals from the air interface. In configuration mode, the serial port baud rate is fixed at 9600, with 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, and no parity check bits. 

When RADIO DATA LINK is in transparent transmission mode, if the received serial data is a configuration packet, perform parameter configuration; If the received serial data is not a configuration packet, it will be transmitted to the air interface, and the signal received from the air interface will be ejected to the serial port. 

In configuration mode, only local configuration parameters are supported, while in transparent transmission mode, both local and remote parameter configurations are supported. 

3. Number of system users and IDs 

The number of system users is the maximum possible number of nodes in the system. It should be ensured that the number of system users set is greater than the number of nodes in the system, and the number of system users for all nodes should be set to the same value to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system. 

The ID numbers of nodes within the system must be unique, and the ID numbers of different nodes must be different. If multiple nodes have the same ID number, it may cause system instability or communication difficulties among these nodes.  The minimum value for ID number is 0, and the maximum value must be less than or equal to the number of system users. 

4. Relay networking, payload rate, and frequency hopping 

RADIO DATA LINK can enable or disable the relay function of the receiving node, and can be set to three modes: disable relay, intelligent relay, and forced relay.  The relay control of nodes can be set to different values, which can turn off relay for some nodes, intelligent relay for some nodes, and forced relay for some nodes according to the application scenario. 

The relay hop count is the maximum number of hops required by the transmitting node, which can be selected from 1 hop to 16 hops.  The number of time slots is the number of time slots that a node can use.  For every additional hop, the distance doubles, but the maximum data rate decreases.  When the number of relay hops is less than or equal to the number of time slots, time slot multiplexing will not be performed, and the maximum payload data rate will decrease as the number of relay hops increases;  When the number of relay hops is greater than the number of time slots, time slot multiplexing will be performed, and the maximum payload data rate will not decrease with the increase of relay hops.  The default value for the number of time slots is 16, which should generally be greater than or equal to 4. 

The more system nodes there are, the higher the network overhead, the lower the payload rate, and the lower the system bandwidth utilization. The relationship between the maximum payload rate and the number of nodes, relay hops, and time slots is as follows (note: Tables 4-1 to 4-4 are data under non hopping conditions): 

Let N be the minimum value of the number of relay hops and time slots. 

Table 4-1 Relationship between Node Quantity and Load Rate (1MHz RF Bandwidth)

Number of nodes	Maximum load rate (kbps)
	N=1	N=2	N=3	N=4	N=5	N=6	N=7	N=8
1~32	740	277	180	137	110	92	79	69
33~64	720	274	178	134	108	90	77	67
65~128	700	271	175	131	106	88	75	65
129~256	680	268	172	128	104	86	73	63
257~512	660	264	169	125	102	84	71	61
513~1024	640	260	166	122	100	82	69	59
Number of nodes	Maximum load rate (kbps)
	N=9	N=10	N=11	N=12	N=13	N=14	N=15	N=16
1~32	61	55	50	46	42	39	37	34
33~64	60	54	49	45	42	39	36	34
65~128	58	52	47	44	41	38	36	34
129~256	56	50	46	43	40	38	35	33
257~512	54	48	45	42	39	37	34	32
513~1024	52	46	44	42	38	36	34	32

Table 4-2 Relationship between Node Quantity and Load Rate (500KHz RF Bandwidth)

Number of nodes	Maximum load rate (kbps)
	N=1	N=2	N=3	N=4	N=5	N=6	N=7	N=8
1~32	370	141	90	69	55	46	39	34
33~64	360	139	89	68	54	45	38	33
65~128	350	137	88	66	53	44	37	32
129~256	340	135	86	64	51	43	36	31
257~512	330	133	84	62	49	41	34	29
513~1024	320	130	82	60	47	39	32	27
Number of nodes	Maximum load rate (kbps)
	N=9	N=10	N=11	N=12	N=13	N=14	N=15	N=16
1~32	31	27	25	23	21	20	18	17
33~64	30	27	24	23	21	20	18	17
65~128	29	26	24	22	20	19	18	17
129~256	28	25	23	22	20	19	17	16
257~512	27	24	23	21	19	18	17	16
513~1024	25	23	22	21	19	18	17	16

Table 4-3 Relationship between Node Quantity and Load Rate (250kHz RF Bandwidth)

Number of nodes	Maximum load rate (kbps)
	N=1	N=2	N=3	N=4	N=5	N=6	N=7	N=8
1~32	185	71	45	34	27	23	20	17
33~64	180	70	44	34	27	22	19	16
65~128	175	69	44	33	26	21	18	15
129~256	170	68	43	33	25	20	17	14
257~512	165	66	42	32	24	19	16	13
513~1024	160	65	41	31	23	18	15	12
Number of nodes	Maximum load rate (kbps)
	N=9	N=10	N=11	N=12	N=13	N=14	N=15	N=16
1~32	15	14	12	11	10	10	9	8
33~64	15	13	12	11	10	10	9	8
65~128	14	13	12	11	10	9	9	8
129~256	14	12	11	11	10	9	8	8
257~512	13	12	11	10	9	9	8	8
513~1024	13	11	11	10	9	9	8	8

Table 4-4 Relationship between Node Quantity and Load Rate (125kHz RF Bandwidth)

Number of nodes	Maximum load rate (kbps)
	N=1	N=2	N=3	N=4	N=5	N=6	N=7	N=8
1~32	92	36	23	17	14	11	10	8
33~64	90	35	22	17	13	11	9	8
65~128	87	34	22	17	13	10	9	7
129~256	85	34	21	16	12	10	8	7
257~512	82	33	21	16	12	9	8	6
513~1024	80	32	20	15	11	9	7	6
Number of nodes	Maximum load rate (kbps)
	N=9	N=10	N=11	N=12	N=13	N=14	N=15	N=16
1~32	7	7	6	5	5	5	4	4
33~64	7	6	6	5	5	5	4	4
65~128	7	6	6	5	5	4	4	4
129~256	7	6	5	5	5	4	4	4
257~512	6	6	5	5	4	4	4	4
513~1024	6	5	5	5	4	4	4	4

The effective bandwidth of the network is affected by the number of nodes, packet length, and packet interval, and may decrease based on the maximum load rate. The actual effective bandwidth is subject to actual measurement. 

All nodes in the network share the total effective bandwidth, and the sum of data rates of all nodes in the network should not exceed the effective bandwidth, otherwise it may cause network congestion or even malfunction.  The system will intelligently allocate channel resources to nodes. 

RADIO DATA LINK supports frequency hopping function, with a maximum hopping speed of 1800 times per second @ 1MHz bandwidth, 900 times @ 500kHz bandwidth, 450 times @ 250kHz bandwidth, and 225 times @ 125kHz bandwidth. The number of hopping frequency sets is the same as the number of network hops.  The maximum frequency hopping interval can be set to 64 times the RF bandwidth.  When there is interference at any frequency point within the frequency hopping set, the frequency with the lowest interference will be selected for communication. 

(1) Center frequency 845MHz, network hop count 2, bandwidth 500kHz, frequency hopping interval 5 times RF bandwidth 

The frequency hopping spectrum is shown in the following figure.  The network has 2 hops, corresponding to 2 frequency sets, with a hopping interval of 2.5MHz. The actual center frequencies of the two frequencies are 845-1.25 and 845+1.25MHz, which are 843.75 and 846.25MHz, respectively.  The system will perform frequency hopping communication on the above two frequencies and select the frequency with the lowest interference for reception. 

(2) Center frequency 845MHz, network hop count 3, bandwidth 500kHz, frequency hopping interval 5 times RF bandwidth 

The frequency hopping spectrum is shown in the following figure.  The network has 3 hops, corresponding to 3 frequency sets, with a hopping interval of 2.5MHz. The actual center frequencies of the three frequencies are 845-2.5, 845, and 845+2.5MHz, namely 842.5, 845, and 847.5MHz.  The system will perform frequency hopping communication on the above three frequencies and select the frequency with the lowest interference for reception. 

(3) Center frequency 845MHz, network hop count 4, bandwidth 500kHz, frequency hopping interval 5 times RF bandwidth 

The frequency hopping spectrum is shown in the following figure.  The network has 4 hops, corresponding to 4 frequency sets, with a hopping interval of 2.5MHz. The actual center frequencies of the four frequencies are 845-3.75, 845-1.25, 845+1.25, and 845+3.75MHz, namely 841.25, 843.75, 846.25, and 848.75MHz.  The system will perform frequency hopping communication on the above four frequencies and select the frequency with the lowest interference for reception. 

(4) Center frequency 845MHz, network hop count 5, bandwidth 500kHz, frequency hopping interval 5 times RF bandwidth 

The frequency hopping spectrum is shown in the following figure.  The network has 5 hops, corresponding to 5 frequency sets, with a hopping interval of 2.5MHz. The actual center frequencies of the five frequencies are 845-5, 845-2.5, 845, 845+2.5, and 845+5MHz, namely 840, 842.5, 845, 847.5, and 850MHz.  The system will perform frequency hopping communication on the above five frequency points and select the frequency with the lowest interference for reception. 

(5) Center frequency 845MHz, network hop count 2, bandwidth 1MHz, frequency hopping interval 5 times RF bandwidth 

The frequency hopping spectrum is shown in the following figure.  The network has 2 hops, corresponding to 2 frequency sets, with a frequency hopping interval of 5MHz. The actual center frequencies of the two frequencies are 845-2.5 and 845+2.5MHz, which is 842  5 and 847.5MHz.  The system will perform frequency hopping communication on the above two frequencies and select the frequency with the lowest interference for reception. 

(6) Center frequency 845MHz, network hop count 3, bandwidth 1MHz, frequency hopping interval 5 times RF bandwidth 

The frequency hopping spectrum is shown in the following figure.  The network has 3 hops, corresponding to 3 frequency sets, with a hopping interval of 5MHz. The actual center frequencies of the three frequencies are 845-5, 845, and 845+5MHz, which are 840, 845, and 850MHz.  The system will perform frequency hopping communication on the above three frequencies and select the frequency with the lowest interference for reception. 

5. Interval, length, and delay of contract issuance 

The bandwidth resources of RADIO DATA LINK are very precious, and each node should maximize the optimization of packet frequency and packet length. Try to minimize the frequency and length of packages. What can be sent in one go, do not split it into two; What can be sent in 36 bytes should not be sent in 40 bytes. 

The basic block unit of the physical layer is 36 bytes, and the relationship between the length of the transmitted packet and the channel occupancy time is as follows: (Note: The data in Table 5-1 is the value when there is no frequency hopping and the number of relay hops is 1 hop). 

Table 5-1 Relationship between packet length and channel occupancy time

packet length ( bytes)	Number of basic blocks	Channel occupancy time (ms)
		1MHz	500kHz	250kHz	125kHz
1~36	1	0.48	0.95	1.90	3.80
37~72	2	0.86	1.72	3.44	6.88
73~108	3	1.25	2.50	5.00	10.00
109~144	4	1.64	3.27	6.54	13.08
145~180	5	2.02	4.04	8.08	16.16
181~216	6	2.41	4.82	9.64	19.28
217~252	7	2.80	5.59	11.18	22.36
253~288	8	3.19	6.37	12.74	25.48
289~324	9	3.57	7.14	14.28	28.56
325~360	10	3.96	7.91	15.82	31.64
361~396	11	4.35	8.69	17.38	34.76
397~432	12	4.73	9.46	18.92	37.84
…	…	…

The minimum transmission delay of data packets is shown in the following table: 

Table 5-2 Minimum Transmission Delay

Channel bandwidth	1MHz	500kHz	250kHz	125kHz
Minimum delay (ms)	2	3	4	6

Waveform diagram of data transmission and reception under 1MHz bandwidth: (yellow waveform for transmitting data, blue waveform for receiving data) 

Waveform diagram of data transmission and reception under 500kHz bandwidth: (yellow waveform for transmitting data, blue waveform for receiving data) 

Waveform diagram of data transmission and reception at 250kHz bandwidth: (yellow waveform for transmitting data, blue waveform for receiving data) 

Waveform diagram of data transmission and reception at 125kHz bandwidth: (yellow waveform for

transmitting data, blue waveform for receiving data) +

6. Parameter configuration 

The configuration package is fixed at 36 bytes, including a 2-byte header, a 29 byte register configuration, a 3-byte fixed value, and a 2-byte packet tail. Details are shown in Table 6.  After receiving the configuration package in the correct format, the module performs parameter configuration and returns the configuration package to the main control device after successful configuration. 

Table 6 Configuration Package Details

byte	content	describe
1	0xF0	The starting of a package
2	0x58
3 – 31	Register 0x00  –  Register 0x1C	Register content
32	collocation method	0x00 represents local configuration  0x3E represents remote configuration  Other: Backup
33~34	Remote target ID	The target device ID required for remote single point configuration.  0xFFFF represents remote full staff configuration (IDs will not be configured in this mode).  0x0000 must be used for local configuration.
35	0x0F	The ending of a package
36	0x85

Example of local read command (default parameters): 

F0 58 23 46 8B 00 10 00 00 E0 3F 0F D3 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6E 02 35 B9 06 03 03 03 00 00 00 0F 85 

Return value: 

F0 58 23 46 8B 00 10 00 00 E0 3F 0F D3 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6E 02 35 B9 06 03 03 03 00 00 00 0F 85 

Example of local write command (default parameters): 

F0 58 63 46 8B 00 10 00 00 E0 3F 0F D3 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6E 02 35 B9 06 03 03 03 00 00 00 0F 85 

Return value: 

F0 58 63 46 8B 00 10 00 00 E0 3F 0F D3 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6E 02 35 B9 06 03 03 03 00 00 00 0F 85 

Example of remote read ID1 device command (default parameters): 

F0 58 23 46 8B 00 10 00 00 E0 3F 0F D3 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6E 02 35 B9 06 03 03 03 3E 00 01 0F 85 

Return value: 

F0 58 23 46 8B 00 10 00 00 E0 3F 0F D3 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6E 02 35 B9 06 03 03 03 C1 00 01 0F 85 

Example of remote write ID1 device command (default parameters): 

F0 58 63 46 8B 00 10 00 00 E0 3F 0F D3 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6E 02 35 B9 06 03 03 03 3E 00 01 0F 85 

Return value: 

F0 58 63 46 8B 00 10 00 00 E0 3F 0F D3 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6E 02 35 B9 06 03 03 03 C1 00 01 0F 85 

Example of remote reading of all device commands (default parameters): 

F0 58 23 46 8B 00 10 00 00 E0 3F 0F D3 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6E 02 35 B9 06 03 03 03 3E FF FF 0F 85 

Return value: 

F0 58 23 46 8B 00 10 00 00 E0 3F 0F D3 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6E 02 35 B9 06 03 03 03 C1 FF FF 0F 85 

Example of remote writing of all device commands (default parameters): 

F0 58 63 46 8B 00 10 00 00 E0 3F 0F D3 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6E 02 35 B9 06 03 03 03 3E FF FF 0F 85 

Return value: 

F0 58 63 46 8B 00 10 00 00 E0 3F 0F D3 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6E 02 35 B9 06 03 03 03 C1 FF FF 0F 85 

7. Register Overview 

Table 7 Register Overview

address	Register Name	describe
0x00	Read and write control	RADIO DATA LINK read-write control
0x01	Device mode and baud rate	Device mode and baud rate settings
0x02	Relay control	Relay control settings
0x03	High byte total number of system users	High byte total number of system users
0x04	Low byte total number of system users	Low byte total number of system users
0x05	Local ID high byte	Local ID high byte
0x06	Local ID low byte	Local ID low byte
0x07	RF power and frequency hopping control	RADIO DATA LINK RF power control
0x08	Data caching	Data caching
0x09	Grouping and time slots	Group code and time slot count
0x0A	High byte frequency configuration	High byte frequency configuration
0x0B	Middle Byte in frequency configuration	Middle Byte in frequency configuration
0x0C	Low byte frequency configuration	Low byte frequency configuration
0x0D	Encryption password byte 1	Encryption password byte 1
0x0E	Encryption password byte 2	Encryption password byte 2
0x0F	Encryption password byte 3	Encryption password byte 3
0x10	Encryption password byte 4	Encryption password byte 4
0x11	Encryption password byte 5	Encryption password byte 5
0x12	Encryption password byte 6	Encryption password byte 6
0x13	Encryption password byte 7	Encryption password byte 7
0x14	Encryption password byte 8	Encryption password byte 8
0x15	Encryption password byte 9	Encryption password byte 9
0x16	Encryption password byte 10	Encryption password byte 10
0x17	Encryption password byte 11	Encryption password byte 11
0x18	Encryption password byte 12	Encryption password byte 12
0x19	Encryption password byte 13	Encryption password byte 13
0x1A	Encryption password byte 14	Encryption password byte 14
0x1B	Encryption password byte 15	Encryption password byte 15
0x1C	Encryption password byte 16	Encryption password byte 16

8. Register details 

Note 1: All nodes must have the same RF bandwidth, hopping switch, frequency, and encryption password in order to communicate with each other; 

Note 2: The parameters of network hops, time slots, carrier sense, and total system users for all nodes must be the same to ensure that the system does not experience abnormal concurrent data conflicts. 

Note 3: The larger the data cache parameter setting, the less likely it is to lose packets, but the data latency may increase. Set according to the actual application type. 

8.1 Read/Write Control Register

Name (Address)	bits	Variable Name	mode	Default value	describe
Read and write control  (0x00)	7	Configuration Save	rw	0	Whether to save the current configuration after power off, only valid when writing the configuration  0=Do not save  1=Save
	6	Read and write control	rw	0	Configure read-write control  0=Read configuration  1=Write configuration
	5	Version configuration	r	1	0=Low version  1=High version
	4-0	Firmware version	r	00003	Version number

8.2 Device Mode and Baud Rate Register

Name (Address)	bits	Variable Name	pattern	Default value	describe
Device mode and baud rate  (0x01)	7-6	RF bandwidth	rw	1	0:1MHz  1:500kHz  2:250kHz  3:125kHz
	5	Package header Enable	rw	0	Package header enable configuration, only valid in transparent transmission mode  0=Closed  1=Open  Please refer to the table below for details
	4-3	Signal type	rw	00	Signal type configuration  00=Normal signal  01=Test signal  10=Single frequency signal  11=Loop signal  Among them, the test signal can be used for power testing.  Single frequency signals can be used for frequency stability testing.  Loop back signal refers to receiving a signal and then sending it back through the serial port. At this time, external serial port reception is not enabled.  The signal type will always be a normal signal when powered on, and changing to another type will not be saved.
	2-0	Baud rate	rW	110	Serial port baud rate configuration in transparent mode  000 = 9600  001 = 19200  010 = 38400  011 = 57600  100 = 115200  101 = 230400  110 = 460800  111 = 921600

When the header enable is enabled in register 0x01, transparent packets will be added to the header by the system on both sides of the receiver, so that the receiver can distinguish data sent from different IDs. The transparent packets added to the header are fixed at 44 bytes, and the specific format is as follows. 

Table 8 Details of Transparent package Header

byte	content	describe
1	0xD8	Sync Head
2	0x73
3	0x5A
4	Noise intensity	Noise intensity, a total of 8 bits, the larger the value, the strongest the signal, with a step size of 1dB.  Noise power (dBm)=noise intensity -125.
5 – 6	Effective byte length	Occupy the upper 6 bits of byte 5, indicating the effective byte length of the data portion, with a maximum of 36 bytes
	Sender ID	Sender ID, consisting of 10 bits, including the lower 2 bits of byte 5 and the 8 bits of byte 6
7	Group code	The grouping code of the current data packet.
	Current number of relay hops	The current number of relay hops is 4 bits, occupying the 7th byte (bit7~bit0) from bit3 to bit0. 0: 1st hop, 1: 2nd hop, 2: 3rd hop, 3: 4th hop, 4: 5th hop, and so on… 15: 16th hop.
8	signal intensity	Signal strength, a total of 8 bits, the stronger the signal, with a step size of 1dB.  Signal power (dBm)=signal strength -125.
9 – 44	data	The fixed length of the data is 36 bytes, including valid bytes and invalid bytes, with valid bytes coming first

9. Relay control register

Name (Address)	bits	Variable Name	mode	Default value	describe
Relay control  (0x02)	7-6	Relay control	rw	10	00=No relay  01=Intelligent Relay  10=forced relay  Representing whether the receiving end is relaying, where:  Intelligent relay will automatically select whether to relay based on signal quality, and mandatory relay will relay all signals
	5-2	Network hops	rw	0010	Represents the number of network hops required for transmitting signals.  0000=1 jump  0001=2 jumps  0010=3 jumps  0011=4 jumps  0100=5 jumps  0101=6 jumps  0110=7 jumps  0111=8 jumps  1000=9 jumps  1001=10 jumps  1010=11 jumps  1011=12 jumps  1100=13 jumps  1101=14 jumps  1110=15 jumps  1111=16 jumps
	1-0	Carrier Sense	rw	11	Representing the duration of carrier sensing, the longer the sensing time, the less likely it is to cause packet conflicts and the greater the data delay.  00=Do not listen  01=Short listening  10=Medium Listening  11=Long listening

10. Register of total system users

Name (Address)	bits	Variable Name	mode	Default value	describe
(0x03)	7-2	Frequency hopping interval	rw	000000	0:1 times the RF bandwidth  1: 2x RF bandwidth  2: 3x RF bandwidth  N: N+1 times the RF bandwidth
	1-0	2 bits higher than the total number of users in the system	rw	00	The configuration range is 0-1023, and the actual total number of system users is the configuration value plus 1
Low byte total number of system users  (0x04)	7-0	Low byte total number of system users	rw	0x10

11. Local ID Register

Name (Address)	bits	Variable Name	mode	Default value	describe
0x05	7-2	backup	–	0x00	backup
	1-0	Local ID is 2 bits high	rx	00	Local ID configuration, with a configuration range of 0-1023. The ID value cannot exceed the total number of system users, and if it exceeds, it will be automatically limited to the total number of system users.  For example, when a system of 100 devices needs to be established, the total number of users in the system can be set to 99, and the local IDs of each device can be set from 0 to 99 in sequence
Local ID low byte  (0x06)	7-0	Local ID low byte	rw	0x00

12. RF power and frequency hopping control register

Name (Address)	bits	Variable Name	mode	Default value	describe
RF power control  (0x07)	7	Power amplifier switch	rw	1	Internal Power amplifier switch  0=Closed  1=Open
	6	Low noise amplifier switch	rw	1	Low noise amplifier switch  0=Closed  1=Open
	5-4	Transmission power	rw	10	Transmission power control  00=low power  (Decreased by 4dB)  01=Medium power  (Decreased by 2dB)  10=medium to high power (nominal power)  11=High power  (2dB saturated output, not recommended for use)
	3	Data filtering	rw	0	0: Output broadcast group and same group data packets,  1: Only output broadcast group data packets
	3	Frequency hopping control	rw	0	Frequency hopping switch  0=Closed  1=Open
	3	Second pulse output	rw	0	0: Do not output second pulses  1: Output second pulse  Pulse accuracy within 1us per second
	0	Dual serial port configuration	rw	0	0=Close dual serial ports  1=Enable dual serial ports

13. Data cache register

Name (Address)	bits	Variable Name	mode	Default value	describe
Data caching  (0x08)	7-0	Data caching	rw	0x3F	Data cache configuration, cache size=(configuration+1) * 32 bytes, for example, when configured as 0x20, the cache size is 1056 bytes.  The cache supports a maximum of 256 * 32=8192 bytes.  The larger the cache, the less likely it is to lose packets, but data latency may increase.  Set according to the actual business type.

14. Grouping and time slot register

Name (Address)	bits	Variable Name	mode	Default value	describe
Grouping and time slots  (0x09)	7-4	Group code	rw	0000	0000=Broadcasting Group  0001=1 group  0010=2 groups  0011=3 groups  0100=4 groups  0101=5 groups  0110=6 groups  0111=7 groups  1000=8 groups  1001=9 groups  1010=10 groups  1011=11 groups  1100=12 groups  1101=13 groups  1110=14 groups  1111=15 groups  The broadcasting group can receive data sent by all groups;  When the data filtering parameter is 0, other groups can only receive data sent by this group and the broadcasting group. When the data filtering parameter is 1, other groups can only receive data sent by the broadcasting group.
	3-0	Number of time slots	rw	1111	0000=1 time slot  0001=2 time slots  0010=3 time slots  0011=4 time slots  0100=5 time slots  0101=6 time slots  0110=7 time slots  0111=8 time slots  1000=9 time slots  1001=10 time slots  1010=11 time slots  1011=12 time slots  1100=13 time slots  1101=14 time slots  1110=15 time slots  1111=16 time slots

15. Frequency configuration register

Name (Address)	bits	Variable Name	mode	Default value	describe
High frequency byte  (0x0A)	7-0	High frequency byte	rw	0xD3	Frequency=(frequency value/61.03515625), for example, when configuring a frequency of 845MHz, (845000000/61.03515625)=13844480=0xD34000
Middle Byte  (0x0B)	7-0	Middle Byte	rw	0x40
Low frequency byte  (0x0C)	7-0	Low frequency byte	rw	0x00

16. Encryption password register

name  (Address)	bits	Variable Name	mode	Default value	describe
password byte 1 (0x0D)	7-0	Password byte 1	rw	0x00	Device password configuration, the device only communicates with devices that have the same password, and users can set their own password to ensure communication security
password byte 2 (0x0E)	7-0	Password byte 2	rw	0x00
password byte 3 (0x0F)	7-0	Password byte 3	rw	0x00
password byte 4 (0x10)	7-0	Password byte 4	rw	0x00
password byte 5 (0x11)	7-0	Password byte 5	rw	0x00
password byte 6 (0x12)	7-0	Password byte 6	rw	0x00
password byte 7 (0x13)	7-0	Password byte 7	rw	0x00
password byte 8 (0x14)	7-0	Password byte 8	rw	0x00
password byte 9 (0x15)	7-0	Password byte 9	rw	0x6E
password byte 10 (0x16)	7-0	Password byte 10	rw	0x02
password byte 11 (0x17)	7-0	Password byte 11	rw	0x3F
password byte 12 (0x18)	7-0	Password byte 12	rw	0xB9
password byte 13 (0x19)	7-0	Password byte 13	rw	0x06
password byte 14 (0x1A)	7-0	Password byte 14	rw	0x02
password byte 15 (0x1B)	7-0	Password byte 15	rw	0x03
password byte 16 (0x1C)	7-0	Password byte 16	rw	0x03

17. Common problems and solutions 

Table 10 Common Problems and Solutions

Problem description	Cause analysis	resolvent
Serial communication is abnormal	Serial port baud rate mismatch	When the module operates in configuration mode, the baud rate is fixed at 9600. When operating in transparent mode, the baud rate can be configured as 9600/19200/38400/57600/115200/230400/460800/921600
	The working mode is incorrect	Adjust M0 and M1 levels to change the operating mode
	The serial ports TX and RX are connected in reverse	Exchange serial port TX and RX line sequence
	Serial port level mismatch	Perform level conversion (note TTL is 3.3V)