Sieć samoorganizująca się roju dronów

Co to jest samoorganizująca się sieć roju dronów?

Drone Swarm Self-Organizing Network is a new and effective solution technology for multiple drones and multiple ground control stations.

A swarm of drones is a self-organizing network in which each drone is both a transmitter and a receiver and can also serve as a repeater for transmissions from other drones.

Swarm drone self-organizing network means that in this network, each drone is a transmitter and a receiver, and can also serve as a relay for other drones to transmit.

There is no central control node in this network, and each node is equal. It is a decentralized network. When a drone flies too far or loses signal for other reasons, it will automatically disconnect from the network, and other drones in the network will not be affected. When a new drone flies close to the network, it can automatically join the network when it obtains authorization.

The background of a Drone Swarm Self-Organizing Network.

With the development of drone technology, communication technology, and network technology, the application of drones is becoming more extensive. Their application fields have expanded to include various military and civilian sectors such as industry, rolnictwo, telemetria, kontrola, reakcja awaryjna, walka z ogniem, i operacji wojskowych. In the military domain, unmanned aerial combat platforms are poised to become a crucial combat force in the future. Multi-UAV cooperative combat is expected to be a significant trend in drone combat applications, playing an increasingly vital role in warfare. The distributed and decentralized IP network, based on Ad hoc technology, serves as the communication foundation for multi-UAV cooperative combat. This network can facilitate rapid interactive information sharing, enabling collaborative perception, przetwarzanie, podejmowanie decyzji, and attack actions, thereby significantly enhancing the survivability and overall combat effectiveness of drones.

The development trend of UAV communication networking will be based on Ad hoc technology as the basic network architecture. The U.S. Department of Defense has already specifically elaborated on this development trend in the “Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Development Roadmap” released as early as 2005 and has repeatedly emphasized this development trend in the following editions. The reason why the U.S. military attaches so much importance to it is that the application of Ad hoc technology can enable multiple UAVs to quickly form a distributed, centerless multi-hop routing relay self-organizing network with self-organization, self-recovery, and high anti-destruction capabilities, greatly expanding the detection range of the UAV group, and effectively improving the cooperative perception and information sharing capabilities of the UAV group, thereby enhancing the ability of cooperative processing, cooperative decision-making, and coordinated strike. The U.S. military has been leading in application research in this field for many years. TTNT and its simplified evolution version QNT are tactical data links based on Ad hoc technology and IP architecture. They have superior technical and tactical performance in terms of networking scale, transmission rate, opóźnienie transmisji, network scalability, and anti-interference, forming a strong combat coordination capability and greatly expanding the combat style. Relevant information shows that these two types of data links have been applied in UAV coordination, air-to-ground coordination, aircraft-missile coordination, missile-missile coordination, X47B landing, and UAV aerial refueling.

Ad hoc technology is referred to as self-organizing network technology, and the multi-UAV communication network based on this technology is known as UAV self-organizing network. Despite nearly 20 years of research and practice by domestic scientific researchers, there are few practical UAV self-organizing network application systems. The challenges are as follows:

• Po pierwsze, the network has highly dynamic distributed characteristics. The network topology constantly changes, posing significant challenges for the distributed allocation of channel resources and the rapid discovery and establishment of routes.
• Po drugie, there is a limitation in wireless channel resources. The MAC protocol and routing protocol need to enhance the utilization rate of channel resources with minimal control overhead, and effectively support dynamic allocation of wireless channel resources considering late entry and dynamic exit of nodes.
• Po trzecie, ensuring data transmission Quality of Service (Jakość usług) jest kluczowa. Optimizing the design of MAC protocol and routing protocol in a multi-hop self-organizing network involves addressing various service requirements for transmission delay, transmission rate, and transmission packet error rate. Achieving dynamic allocation of channel resources and transmission route optimization selection under multi-parameter and multi-objective optimization conditions is a challenging task.
• Lastly, the complexity of the electromagnetic environment in combat applications is a significant concern. Particularly in an electronic countermeasure environment with deliberate interference, the degradation in communication link quality significantly impacts the overall performance of the UAV self-organizing network. This necessitates the physical layer communication waveform and the data link layer MAC protocol to be capable of handling electromagnetic interference.

The communication waveform typically utilizes anti-interference technologies like spread spectrum (skakanie po częstotliwościach, direct spread) or intelligent frequency selection, along with robust error correction coding capabilities to ensure communication link quality. The physical layer communication waveform should be able to detect the electromagnetic environment, the MAC protocol should recognize channel resources, and the routing protocol should understand the network topology. Designing and implementing appropriate anti-interference technology, channel resource allocation strategy, and routing strategy based on this understanding is essential.

The key technologies of drone self-organizing networks should emphasize the UAV communication networking aspect, excluding the payload task component of the application layer.

The first aspect is the anti-interference technology related to the physical layer communication waveform. For military applications of UAV self-organizing networks, it is essential to navigate complex electromagnetic environments, avoid enemy disruptions, or mitigate the negative impacts of interference on communication to ensure effective communication. Anti-interference technology in communication primarily encompasses spread spectrum techniques and adaptive frequency selection methods. Spread spectrum includes traditional anti-interference strategies such as frequency hopping, direct sequence spread spectrum, and spread hopping. W istocie, frequency hopping involves all radio stations in the network synchronously changing their communication carrier frequency according to a predetermined hopping sequence based on a specific pseudo-random pattern, which helps prevent interception and interference. Adaptive frequency selection employs cognitive radio technology to identify interference and assess communication quality in real time across designated candidate frequency points. If the current frequency experiences interference and communication quality declines, it can swiftly switch to the frequency with the best quality that is free from interference. For self-organizing network systems, implementing broadband high-speed frequency hopping requires addressing challenges such as carrier synchronization, bit synchronization, and frame synchronization typical of fully connected networks, as well as achieving complete network time synchronization and frequency hopping pattern synchronization in multi-hop scenarios, which is technically challenging. Regarding adaptive frequency selection, determining how to evaluate the communication quality of candidate frequencies in real-time and how to quickly and synchronously transition the entire network to the frequency with optimal communication performance in the event of interference are critical technologies that must be resolved before deploying drone self-organizing networks in military applications.

The second aspect is the Medium Access Control (PROCHOWIEC) protocol within the data link layer. In the context of drone self-organizing networks, this involves utilizing a distributed algorithm to swiftly and dynamically allocate suitable channel resources to each node without relying on a central coordinating node. The aim is to ensure that all nodes can fairly and efficiently access the limited channel resources, achieving objectives such as low latency, wysoka niezawodność, and high throughput. This represents a significant challenge and a crucial technology that drone self-organizing networks must address.

The third aspect pertains to the routing protocol at the network layer. The rapid movement of nodes in UAV self-organizing networks leads to constant changes in network topology. W związku z tym, designing a routing algorithm that is fast, wydajny, skalowalne, and adaptable is essential. This algorithm should possess characteristics such as quick network access, rapid routing switching, swift convergence, and minimal control overhead. Overcoming these challenges is vital for the success of UAV self-organizing networks.

Czwarty, Jakość usług (QoS) technologia. Many current self-organizing network radio stations have been developed with a cross-layer design approach. In creating the MAC and routing protocols, factors such as signal strength indication and bit error rate from the physical layer are utilized, along with the integration of QOS and congestion control technologies from the transport layer. Dodatkowo, various adaptation techniques—such as power adaptation, modulation adaptation, coding adaptation, and rate adaptation—are employed to meet the diverse service requirements regarding delay, wskaźnik, and packet loss.

1. Ad-Hoc Technical Description

Wprowadzenie
Wireless ad hoc networks, commonly referred to as Ad-Hoc networks emerged from various packet network application initiatives in military communications led by the US DARPA. They eventually evolved into what are now known as Ad-Hoc networks, with the IETF designating them as MANET (Mobilna sieć ad hoc).
An Ad Hoc network is a unique type of wireless mobile communication network where all nodes hold equal status, eliminating the need for a central control node, and exhibiting strong resilience to disruptions. Each node in the network not only performs the functions typical of standard mobile devices but also possesses the capability to relay messages. When the source and destination nodes are outside each other’s direct communication range, they can still exchange information by routing messages through intermediary nodes. In some cases, communication may require multiple intermediary nodes, meaning the message must traverse several hops to reach its final destination. This characteristic distinguishes Ad Hoc networks from other mobile communication systems. The nodes within an Ad Hoc network achieve self-organization and operation through the collaborative efforts of layered network protocols and distributed algorithms.

Kluczowe cechy

Decentralized and distributed: Every radio station holds equal importance, and there is no central hub. Nodes can enter or exit the network freely without compromising its stability.

Przekaźnik wieloskokowy: Authorized radio stations can automatically perform relay functions, enhancing the network’s coverage.

Adaptive topology: The system supports dynamic routing, making it ideal for environments like sports events where the network layout frequently changes.

IP transparent communication: The system enables IP-based transmission for all data.

High-capacity transmission: Utilizing a multi-carrier approach, it offers a broadband communication channel capable of handling various types of information, łącznie z danymi, głos, obrazy, i filmy.

2. Praktyczne studium przypadku wizualizowanego systemu komunikacji sieciowej ad hoc

1. Podsumowanie scenariuszy zastosowań
   Na konkretnym obszarze odbyło się ćwiczenie reportażowe upamiętniające 100. rocznicę powstania Komunistycznej Partii Chin, z udziałem uczestników specjalnej policji, walka z ogniem, Ratowanie awaryjne, rezerwy milicji, i inne odpowiednie jednostki. Członkowie zespołu wykazali się dobrą organizacją, entuzjastyczny, i pełen energii. Zgodnie z ujednoliconymi dyrektywami szybko przeszli do fazy wykonania. Nasza firma odpowiadała za zapewnienie bezpiecznej komunikacji, przekazywanie pierwszoosobowej perspektywy zdarzenia do punktu obserwacyjnego w czasie rzeczywistym. Spełniliśmy to zadanie i otrzymaliśmy pochwały od jednostki próbnej.

(II) Wymagania dotyczące zastosowania scenariusza

1. Przesyłaj strumieniowo wideo z perspektywy pierwszej osoby przedstawiające siły specjalne na duży ekran stanowiska dowodzenia w miejscu ćwiczeń;
2. Ze względu na protokoły poufności, danych wideo nie wolno przesyłać w sieciach publicznych;
3. Zapewnij płynną transmisję wideo, z wyraźnymi i stabilnymi obrazami podczas ćwiczeń;
4. Przekazuj dźwięk z miejsca zdarzenia na duży ekran w punkcie obserwacyjnym w czasie rzeczywistym.

(1) Funkcje funkcjonalne

1. Ukierunkowane na konkretne potrzeby biznesowe: Produkt został zaprojektowany tak, aby spełniać wymagania uzbrojonej policji, specjalna policja, i inne odpowiednie działy.
2. Spełnia standardy krajowe: Obsługuje protokół GB/T28181.
3. Pozycjonowanie w dwóch trybach za pomocą Beidou/GPS.
4. Cyfrowy domofon trunkingowy PTT do komunikacji zespołowej.
5. Pojemność pamięci lokalnej 128 GB, pozwalający na ciągłe nagrywanie przez co najmniej 60 godziny.
6. Wbudowana funkcja widzenia nocnego w podczerwieni, automatyczne przełączanie między trybem dziennym i nocnym w oparciu o czułość na światło.
7. Łatwa instalacja: Wyposażone w specjalny rzep dla policji uzbrojonej i specjalnej, dzięki czemu można go łatwo przymocować do kasku.
8. Obsługa jednym przyciskiem: Zaprojektowany z myślą o łatwości użytkowania, nawet w rękawiczkach.
9. Alarm awaryjny jednym kliknięciem: Żołnierze mogą zaalarmować centrum dowodzenia jednym kliknięciem, uruchomienie szyfrowanego zapisu alarmu.
10. Obsługuje szyfrowaną komunikację VPN z kodowaniem podwójnego strumienia; jeden strumień jest wysyłany do centrum dowodzenia, a drugi jest przechowywany lokalnie.
11. Kompatybilny z sieciami 4G firmy China Mobile, Chiny Unicom, i China Telecom.
12. Zapewnia możliwości wideo i interkomu głosowego w czasie rzeczywistym.
    (2) specyfikacje

(1) Funkcje funkcjonalne

1. kompaktowa konstrukcja, Idealny do noszenia lub użytku przenośnego.
2. Umożliwia dwukierunkową transmisję usług IP, w tym głos i wideo.
3. Obsługuje funkcję „Naciśnij i mów”. (PTT) Komunikacja głosowa.
4. Zawiera możliwości dynamicznego routingu, pozwalając na samoorganizację i odtworzenie sieci.
5. Zawiera wbudowaną obsługę Wi-Fi.
6. Zawiera wbudowaną technologię pozycjonowania GPS/Beidou.
7. Oferuje funkcję przezroczystej transmisji przez port szeregowy.
8. Ułatwia łączenie wielu urządzeń w sieci, gościnny do 32 węzły do ​​ciągłego przekazywania.
9. Zapewnia wysoką przepustowość i przepustowość, z bezprzewodowymi sieciami ad hoc zapewniającymi prędkość transmisji danych IP do 70Mbps.
10. Umożliwia elastyczne tworzenie sieci; struktura siatki obsługuje różne tryby komunikacji, takie jak punkt-punkt, wiele punktów do wielu punktów, osoba do osoby, osoba-pojazd, i pojazd do pojazdu.
11. Wykorzystuje zoptymalizowaną technikę modulacji z unikalnym trybem modulacji COFDM, zapewniając doskonałą penetrację RF i wydajność transmisji metodą dyfrakcji ścieżki.
12. Oferuje skalowalność, obsługując kamery IP innych firm jako źródła sygnału RF i umożliwiając bezpośrednie połączenia z samoorganizującymi się urządzeniami sieciowymi.
    (2) Specyfikacja techniczna