Rete auto-organizzante dello sciame di droni

Che cos'è una rete auto-organizzante di sciami di droni?

Drone Swarm Self-Organizing Network is a new and effective solution technology for multiple drones and multiple ground control stations.

A swarm of drones is a self-organizing network in which each drone is both a transmitter and a receiver and can also serve as a repeater for transmissions from other drones.

Swarm drone self-organizing network means that in this network, each drone is a transmitter and a receiver, and can also serve as a relay for other drones to transmit.

There is no central control node in this network, and each node is equal. It is a decentralized network. When a drone flies too far or loses signal for other reasons, it will automatically disconnect from the network, and other drones in the network will not be affected. When a new drone flies close to the network, it can automatically join the network when it obtains authorization.

The background of a Drone Swarm Self-Organizing Network.

With the development of drone technology, communication technology, and network technology, the application of drones is becoming more extensive. Their application fields have expanded to include various military and civilian sectors such as industry, agricoltura, telemetria, ispezione, risposta all'emergenza, antincendio, e operazioni militari. In the military domain, unmanned aerial combat platforms are poised to become a crucial combat force in the future. Multi-UAV cooperative combat is expected to be a significant trend in drone combat applications, playing an increasingly vital role in warfare. The distributed and decentralized IP network, based on Ad hoc technology, serves as the communication foundation for multi-UAV cooperative combat. This network can facilitate rapid interactive information sharing, enabling collaborative perception, in lavorazione, il processo decisionale, and attack actions, thereby significantly enhancing the survivability and overall combat effectiveness of drones.

The development trend of UAV communication networking will be based on Ad hoc technology as the basic network architecture. The U.S. Department of Defense has already specifically elaborated on this development trend in the “Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Development Roadmap” released as early as 2005 and has repeatedly emphasized this development trend in the following editions. The reason why the U.S. military attaches so much importance to it is that the application of Ad hoc technology can enable multiple UAVs to quickly form a distributed, centerless multi-hop routing relay self-organizing network with self-organization, self-recovery, and high anti-destruction capabilities, greatly expanding the detection range of the UAV group, and effectively improving the cooperative perception and information sharing capabilities of the UAV group, thereby enhancing the ability of cooperative processing, cooperative decision-making, and coordinated strike. The U.S. military has been leading in application research in this field for many years. TTNT and its simplified evolution version QNT are tactical data links based on Ad hoc technology and IP architecture. They have superior technical and tactical performance in terms of networking scale, transmission rate, Ritardo della trasmissione, network scalability, and anti-interference, forming a strong combat coordination capability and greatly expanding the combat style. Relevant information shows that these two types of data links have been applied in UAV coordination, air-to-ground coordination, aircraft-missile coordination, missile-missile coordination, X47B landing, and UAV aerial refueling.

Ad hoc technology is referred to as self-organizing network technology, and the multi-UAV communication network based on this technology is known as UAV self-organizing network. Despite nearly 20 years of research and practice by domestic scientific researchers, there are few practical UAV self-organizing network application systems. The challenges are as follows:

• in primo luogo, the network has highly dynamic distributed characteristics. The network topology constantly changes, posing significant challenges for the distributed allocation of channel resources and the rapid discovery and establishment of routes.
• In secondo luogo, there is a limitation in wireless channel resources. The MAC protocol and routing protocol need to enhance the utilization rate of channel resources with minimal control overhead, and effectively support dynamic allocation of wireless channel resources considering late entry and dynamic exit of nodes.
• In terzo luogo, ensuring data transmission Quality of Service (QoS) è cruciale. Optimizing the design of MAC protocol and routing protocol in a multi-hop self-organizing network involves addressing various service requirements for transmission delay, transmission rate, and transmission packet error rate. Achieving dynamic allocation of channel resources and transmission route optimization selection under multi-parameter and multi-objective optimization conditions is a challenging task.
• Lastly, the complexity of the electromagnetic environment in combat applications is a significant concern. Particularly in an electronic countermeasure environment with deliberate interference, the degradation in communication link quality significantly impacts the overall performance of the UAV self-organizing network. This necessitates the physical layer communication waveform and the data link layer MAC protocol to be capable of handling electromagnetic interference.

The communication waveform typically utilizes anti-interference technologies like spread spectrum (salto di frequenza, direct spread) or intelligent frequency selection, along with robust error correction coding capabilities to ensure communication link quality. The physical layer communication waveform should be able to detect the electromagnetic environment, the MAC protocol should recognize channel resources, and the routing protocol should understand the network topology. Designing and implementing appropriate anti-interference technology, channel resource allocation strategy, and routing strategy based on this understanding is essential.

The key technologies of drone self-organizing networks should emphasize the UAV communication networking aspect, excluding the payload task component of the application layer.

The first aspect is the anti-interference technology related to the physical layer communication waveform. For military applications of UAV self-organizing networks, it is essential to navigate complex electromagnetic environments, avoid enemy disruptions, or mitigate the negative impacts of interference on communication to ensure effective communication. Anti-interference technology in communication primarily encompasses spread spectrum techniques and adaptive frequency selection methods. Spread spectrum includes traditional anti-interference strategies such as frequency hopping, direct sequence spread spectrum, and spread hopping. In sostanza, frequency hopping involves all radio stations in the network synchronously changing their communication carrier frequency according to a predetermined hopping sequence based on a specific pseudo-random pattern, which helps prevent interception and interference. Adaptive frequency selection employs cognitive radio technology to identify interference and assess communication quality in real time across designated candidate frequency points. If the current frequency experiences interference and communication quality declines, it can swiftly switch to the frequency with the best quality that is free from interference. For self-organizing network systems, implementing broadband high-speed frequency hopping requires addressing challenges such as carrier synchronization, bit synchronization, and frame synchronization typical of fully connected networks, as well as achieving complete network time synchronization and frequency hopping pattern synchronization in multi-hop scenarios, which is technically challenging. Regarding adaptive frequency selection, determining how to evaluate the communication quality of candidate frequencies in real-time and how to quickly and synchronously transition the entire network to the frequency with optimal communication performance in the event of interference are critical technologies that must be resolved before deploying drone self-organizing networks in military applications.

The second aspect is the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol within the data link layer. In the context of drone self-organizing networks, this involves utilizing a distributed algorithm to swiftly and dynamically allocate suitable channel resources to each node without relying on a central coordinating node. The aim is to ensure that all nodes can fairly and efficiently access the limited channel resources, achieving objectives such as low latency, alta affidabilità, and high throughput. This represents a significant challenge and a crucial technology that drone self-organizing networks must address.

The third aspect pertains to the routing protocol at the network layer. The rapid movement of nodes in UAV self-organizing networks leads to constant changes in network topology. Perciò, designing a routing algorithm that is fast, efficiente, scalabile, and adaptable is essential. This algorithm should possess characteristics such as quick network access, rapid routing switching, swift convergence, and minimal control overhead. Overcoming these challenges is vital for the success of UAV self-organizing networks.

Il quarto, Qualità del servizio (QOS) tecnologia. Many current self-organizing network radio stations have been developed with a cross-layer design approach. In creating the MAC and routing protocols, factors such as signal strength indication and bit error rate from the physical layer are utilized, along with the integration of QOS and congestion control technologies from the transport layer. Inoltre, various adaptation techniques—such as power adaptation, modulation adaptation, coding adaptation, and rate adaptation—are employed to meet the diverse service requirements regarding delay, valutare, and packet loss.

1. Ad-Hoc Technical Description

introduzione
Wireless ad hoc networks, commonly referred to as Ad-Hoc networks emerged from various packet network application initiatives in military communications led by the US DARPA. They eventually evolved into what are now known as Ad-Hoc networks, with the IETF designating them as MANET (Rete mobile ad hoc).
Una rete Ad Hoc è un tipo unico di rete di comunicazione mobile wireless in cui tutti i nodi hanno lo stesso status, eliminando la necessità di un nodo di controllo centrale, e mostrando una forte resilienza alle interruzioni. Ogni nodo della rete non solo svolge le funzioni tipiche dei dispositivi mobili standard ma possiede anche la capacità di inoltrare messaggi. Quando i nodi di origine e di destinazione sono fuori dal raggio di comunicazione diretta dell'altro, possono comunque scambiarsi informazioni instradando i messaggi attraverso nodi intermedi. In alcuni casi, la comunicazione può richiedere più nodi intermedi, il che significa che il messaggio deve attraversare diversi salti per raggiungere la sua destinazione finale. Questa caratteristica distingue le reti Ad Hoc da altri sistemi di comunicazione mobile. The nodes within an Ad Hoc network achieve self-organization and operation through the collaborative efforts of layered network protocols and distributed algorithms.

Caratteristiche chiave

Decentralized and distributed: Every radio station holds equal importance, and there is no central hub. Nodes can enter or exit the network freely without compromising its stability.

Relè multi-hop: Authorized radio stations can automatically perform relay functions, enhancing the network’s coverage.

Adaptive topology: The system supports dynamic routing, making it ideal for environments like sports events where the network layout frequently changes.

IP transparent communication: The system enables IP-based transmission for all data.

High-capacity transmission: Utilizing a multi-carrier approach, it offers a broadband communication channel capable of handling various types of information, compresi i dati, voce, immagini, e video.

2. Caso di studio pratico del sistema di comunicazione di rete ad hoc visualizzato

1. Riepilogo degli scenari applicativi
   In un'area specifica si è svolta un'attività di reportistica per commemorare il 100° anniversario del Partito Comunista Cinese, coinvolgendo partecipanti della polizia speciale, antincendio, salvataggio d'emergenza, riserve della milizia, e altre unità interessate. I membri del team erano ben organizzati, entusiasta, e pieno di energia. Sono passati prontamente alla fase di performance seguendo direttive unificate. La nostra azienda era responsabile di garantire una comunicazione sicura, trasmettendo una prospettiva in prima persona dell'evento al punto di osservazione in tempo reale. Abbiamo portato a termine questo compito e abbiamo ricevuto elogi dall'unità di prova.

(II) Requisiti per l'applicazione dello scenario

1. Stream the first-person perspective video from the special forces to the command desk’s large screen at the exercise location;
2. Due to confidentiality protocols, video data must not be transmitted over public networks;
3. Ensure smooth video transmission, with clear and stable images throughout the exercises;
4. Relay the on-site audio to the large screen at the observation point in real-time.

(1) Caratteristiche funzionali

1. Targeted for specific business needs: The product is designed to meet the requirements of armed police, special police, and other relevant departments.
2. Adheres to national standards: It supports the GB/T28181 protocol.
3. Dual-mode positioning with Beidou/GPS.
4. PTT digital trunking intercom for team communication.
5. Local storage capacity of 128GB, allowing for continuous recording for at least 60 ore.
6. Built-in infrared night vision capability, passaggio automatico dalla modalità giorno a quella notturna in base alla sensibilità alla luce.
7. Installazione facile: Dotato di velcro speciale per poliziotti armati e speciali, rendendo semplice il fissaggio ai caschi.
8. Funzionamento con un solo pulsante: Progettato per facilità d'uso, anche indossando i guanti.
9. Allarme di emergenza con un clic: I soldati possono allertare il centro di comando con un solo clic, attivando una registrazione crittografata dell'allarme.
10. Supporta la comunicazione crittografata VPN con codifica dual stream; un flusso viene inviato al centro di comando mentre l'altro viene archiviato localmente.
11. Compatibile con le reti 4G di China Mobile, China Unicom, e Cina Telecom.
12. Fornisce funzionalità di interfono video e vocale in tempo reale.
    (2) specificazioni

(1) Caratteristiche funzionali

1. Design compatto, ideale per uso indossabile o portatile.
2. Abilita la trasmissione bidirezionale dei servizi IP, compresi voce e video.
3. Supporta Push-To-Talk (PTT) comunicazione vocale.
4. Include funzionalità di routing dinamico, consentendo l’auto-organizzazione e il ripristino della rete.
5. Dispone di supporto WiFi integrato.
6. Incorpora la tecnologia di posizionamento GPS/Beidou integrata.
7. Offre funzionalità di trasmissione trasparente della porta seriale.
8. Facilita il networking multi-dispositivo, ospitare fino a 32 nodi per la trasmissione continua.
9. Fornisce larghezza di banda e throughput elevati, con reti wireless ad hoc capaci di velocità di trasmissione dati IP fino a 70Mbps.
10. Consente una rete flessibile; la struttura mesh supporta varie modalità di comunicazione come punto a punto, multipunto a multipunto, da persona a persona, da persona a veicolo, e da veicolo a veicolo.
11. Utilizza una tecnica di modulazione ottimizzata con una modalità di modulazione COFDM unica, garantendo eccellenti prestazioni di penetrazione RF e trasmissione di diffrazione del percorso.
12. Offre scalabilità supportando telecamere IP di terze parti come sorgenti RF e consentendo connessioni dirette a dispositivi di rete auto-organizzanti.
    (2) Specifiche tecniche