SNM401 ad hoc network module 自组网模块规格书
SNM401自组网模块规格书
1、产品描述
SNM401无中心自组网模块实现了各模块相互之间的无中心远距离通信，采用全球最新的LDPC编解码技术，相对于传统电台所使用的RS级联卷积码可有5dB的编码增益，同时通过 “自中继无线通信”技术，创新性地实现各模块之间自动中继，从而大大提高了覆盖效果和传输距离。SNM401采用自组网无线通信技术，任意节点可以接收处理来自多个节点同时转发的同一信号，将这些来自不同节点转发的信号进行信号合并，最大可能地解调原始信息，具有更大的传输距离和更高的传输可靠性。自组网无线通信技术不需要路由，多个节点通过接收信号质量和场强自动判决是否启动转发，将中继由多跳单点中继提升为多跳多点中继，将中继从线状中继提升为网状中继，中继网络中任意节点发生断线脱网时，中继网络中的其它中继线路正常工作，使得中继效果不受影响。
2、产品特点
◆工作频率：400-500MHz
◆单跳传输距离：3～5Km
◆动态拓扑收敛：1 Milliseconds
◆发射功率：1W
◆接收灵敏度：-127dbm
◆工作电压：3.5-4.5V
◆信噪比门限：1dB
◆信道间隔：12.5KHZ
◆频率稳定度：1ppm
◆互调：65dB
◆加密：256AES
◆杂散响应抗扰性：75dB
◆邻道选择性：65[email protected]
◆工作温度：-40～+85℃
◆模块尺寸：33.5X42X3.4mm
3、Chaw Thov Kev Pab
◆物联网 ◆单兵系统 ◆应急广播
◆无人机 ◆实时远程控制 ◆数字对讲
◆应急通信 ◆机器人 ◆无线数据传输
4、工作参数
表一：工作参数表
| 参数 | 条件 | 最小 | 典型 | 最大 | 单位 |
| 工作频段 | 400 | 500 | MHz | ||
| 工作温度 | -40 | 25 | +85 | °C | |
| Kev khiav hauj lwm voltage | 3.5 | 4 | 4.5 | V | |
| 发射功率 | 30 | dbm | |||
| 接收灵敏度 | -130 | -127 | -125 | dbm | |
| 最大射频输入功率 | +33 | dbm | |||
| 串口波特率 | 115200 | bps | |||
| 休眠电流 | @ EN=0 | 40 | uA | ||
| 接收电流 | 160 | minyuam | |||
| 发射瞬时电流 | @VCC==4V，1W | 1800 | minyuam | ||
| 发射平均电流 | @VCC==4V，1W | 600 | minyuam | ||
| 音频输入电压 | 1.5 | VPP | |||
| 音频输出阻抗 | 150 | huag |
注：如果模块工作条件超过上述各项极限值，可能对模块造成永久性损坏。
5、模块引脚及定义
图 1 SNM401 引脚图
表 2 类型缩写表
| 缩写 | 描述 |
| AI | Analog input |
| AO | Analog output |
| AIO | Analog bi-direction |
| DI | Digital input |
| DO | Digital output |
| DIO | Digital bi-direction |
| P | Hwj chim |
| G | Av |
表 3 SNM401引脚定义
| Pin NO | Pin name | Yam | Hauj lwm lawm |
| 1 | GND | G | GND |
| 2 | NTSAUM | AIO | 天线口 |
| 3 | GND | G | GND |
| 4 | GND | G | GND |
| 5 | V-BAT | P | 外接 3.5V-4.5V 电池或电源，建议 4V |
| 6 | V-BAT | P | |
| 7 | GND | G | GND |
| 8 | GND | G | GND |
| 9 | TX_STATE | DO | 模块发射指示信号，高电平为发射 |
| 10 | RX_STATE | DO | 模块接收指示信号，高电平为接收 |
| 11 | NC | No connect | |
| 12 | NC | No connect | |
| 13 | GND | G | GND |
| 14 | TX | DO | 串口数据发射脚 |
| 15 | RXD | DI | 串口数据接收脚 |
| 16 | SET | DI | 模块串口配置信号，高电平时配置参数，低电平时收发数据 |
| 17 | EN | DI | 模块开启使能信号，高电平开启，低电平关闭 |
| 18 | GND | G | GND |
| 19 | PRO1 | DIO | 可编程定义管脚 |
| 20 | PRO2 | DIO | 可编程定义管脚 |
注：模块内部经过 3.3V LDO 稳压，所有的数字 IO 均为 3.3V 电平。
6、封装尺寸
图 2 SNM401 尺寸图
图 3 SNM401 封装图
7、LAYOUT 注意事项
1、SNM401 模块工作在 400-500MHz，应避免各种因素对无线收发的影响。
2、模块下方铺大片 GND，走线尽量往外围延伸。
3、建议在基板上的模块贴装位置使用绝缘材料进行隔离，例如在该位置放一个整块的丝
印。
4、尽量走一条短而粗电源线给模块，推荐铜线宽度80mil，去耦电容尽量靠近电源引脚放置。
8、软件配置
8.1 参数配置
用户可通过串口进行参数获取配置，串口波特率 115200，数据位 8bit，停止位 1bit，无奇偶校验位。
表 4 串口包格式
| 串口表格包 | |||
| 识别字 | 长度 | 指令 | 指令回复/回复内容 |
| 1Byte | 1Byte | 1Byte | NBytte |
8.1.1 识别字
识别字固定为 0x68。
8.1.2 长度
长度 = 指令 + 指令内容/回复内容。
8.1.3 指令
表 5 串口指令表
| 功能 | 指令 | 指令内容 | 回复内容 |
| 获取射频参数 | 0x00 | 无 | Zaus(4Byte)+功率(1Byte)+配置 状态(1Byte)+底噪(2Byte)+基带 版本号(1Byte) |
| 设置射频参数 | 0x01 | Zaus(4Byte)+功率(1Byte) | 无 |
| 获取数据中继等级 | 0x0C | 无 | 数据中继等级(1Byte) |
| 设置数据中继等级 | 0x0D | 数据中继等级(1Byte) | 无 |
| 获取密钥 | 0x0E | 无 | 密钥(32Byte) |
| 设置密钥 | 0x0F | 密钥(32Byte) | 无 |
| 获取模块版本 | 0x12 | 无 | 模块名称+版本号 |
| 模块就绪 | 0x55 | 无 | 无 |
| 保存配置 | 0x66 | 无 | 无 |
| 数据接收 | 0xA2 | 无 | 透传数据(NByte) |
| 数据发送 | 0xB2 | 透传数据(NByte) | 无 |
8.1.4.1 获取射频参数
Zaus：单位为 Hz，设置范围为 400000000~5000000000，精度为 500HHz。
功率：1-高功率 1W，0-低功率 0.5W，默认为高功率 1W。
配置状态：指示射频配置状态，0-未初始化，1-配置中，2-配置成功。
底噪：指示当前频率噪声强度，只有当配置状态为 2 时才有意义。
基带版本号：高 4bit 代表主版本号，低 4bit 代表次版本号。
配置包：0x68 0x01 0x00
返回包：0x68 0x0A 0x00 频率 功率 配置状态 底噪 基带版本号
8.1.4.2 设置射频参数
配置射频参数后，须等待配置成功后（约 2 秒），模块才能正确进入设定工作状态。
配置包：0x68 0x06 0x01 频率 功率
返回包：0x68 0x01 0x01
8.1.4.3 获取数据中继等级
SH无中心自组网技术是同播网状中继方式，不需要路由，可大幅度提高覆盖范围。中继跳数 N 是指在数据传输时可以进行中继的跳数，最大中继跳数为 16。每增加一跳，传输距离会增加一倍，但传输时间会相应增加，如下表所示。
表 6 中继等级比较
| 中继跳数 | 传输字节数 | 传输时间 |
| N | <36 | N*50ms |
| N | 37-72 | N*100ms |
| N | 73-108 | N*150ms |
| N | 109-144 | N*200ms |
| N | 145-180 | N*250ms |
| N | 181-216 | N*300ms |
| N | 217-252 | N*350ms |
| N | 253-288 | N*400ms |
返回包：0x68 0x02 0x0C 数据中继等级
8.1.4.4 设置数据中继等级
配置包：0x68 0x02 0x0D 数据中继等级
返回包：0x68 0x01 0x0D
8.1.4.5 获取密钥
密钥用于通信加密，模块将自动丢弃密钥与自身密钥不一致的语音信息、数据信息，密钥默认为全 0。
配置包：0x68 0x01 0x0E
返回包：0x68 0x21 0x0E 密钥
8.1.4.6 设置密钥
配置包：0x68 0x21 0x0F 密钥
返回包：0x68 0x01 0x0F
8.1.4.7 获取模块版本
配置包：0x68 0x01 0x12
返回包：0x68 0x15 0x12 0x53 0x69 0x6D 0x75 0x6C 0x48 0x6F 0x63 0x32 0x36 0x31 0x38 0x5F 0x56 0x31 0x2E 0x30 0x2E 0x30 0x00 即“SimulHoc2618_V1.0.0”
8.1.4.8 模块就绪
指令将在设备上电初始化完成后自动发送，指示设备已就绪。
返回包：0x68 0x01 0x55
8.1.4.9 保存配置
指令将所有设置保存至 Flash，重上电后将直接使用已保存配置。
配置包：0x68 0x01 0x66
返回包：0x68 0x01 0x66
8.1.4.10 数据接收
当 SET 引脚为低电平时，模块将接收到的数据包直接透传给用户。长度根据实际透传数据长度变化。
返回包：0x68 长度 0xA2 透传数据
8.1.4.11 数据发送
当 SET 引脚为低电平时，才能进行数据发送，单次发送数据不超过 36 字节。长度根据实际透际透传数据长度变化。若收到返回包，表明本次数据发送失败。
配置包：0x68 长度 0xB2 透传数据
返回包：0x68 0x01 0xB
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15km 30km 80km 150km long-distance wireless yees duab transmitter receiver transmission transceiver PA 2W 5W 10W -
Zoo FPV yees duab Transmitter Module 170-860Mhz Wireless RF audio yees duab Transmitter rau FPV Koob yees duab 3W PA 50km -
10W PA 150KM airborne yees duab txuas ntev-ntau yam UAV wireless transmission transmitter receiver broadband tactical handhold -
UAV drone yees duab txuas module wireless yees duab transmitter thiab receiver rau koob yees duab ntev-ntau yam TDD transceiver ob-txoj kev vcan1401 -
COFDM yees duab transmitter-receiver AV hauv HDMI tawm FPV, Wireless 10km-15km-30km ntev-ntau yam cheaper thiab ntev COFDM-912T -
30Km ntev nyob deb li cas COFDM HDMI Wireless yees duab Transmitter Receiver tag nrho teev audio yees duab TX RX rau UAV Drone 1080P 908T -
Ob-txoj kev UAV Wireless yees duab ntaub ntawv RC tswj link module long-range bidirectional transceiver Transmitter-Receiver Vcan1681 -
COFDM Wireless Video HDMI Transmitter TX kis HDMI HD 1080P CVBS H264 Encoder COFDM-907T -
Wireless yees duab Transmitter thiab Receiver rau Koob yees duab, HDMI HD H265 264 encoder 1W/2.5W PA 1080P60 Vcan1726 -
30-millisecond Drone UAV HDMI Wireless yees duab transmitter Ultra-low-latency wireless transmission lawv Vcan1729 -
Drone mesh wireless yees duab txuas 150-200km longe-range centerless ad hoc network transceiver -
PA rf Power Amplifier rau DVB-T COFDM TX Transmitter transmission 1-2-5-10-20-30-40-watt -
COFDM Modulator Demodulator Module Encoder Decoder HDMI CVBS AV Input AES 256 FHD RF streaming -
HDMI rau IP encoder modulator CVBS H.265 H.264 encoding board pcba Ethernet RSTP UDP rau UAV Drone Robotic -
UAV Wireless yees duab ntaub ntawv RC Link rau Drone 15-20-30-50-100-150km 1.4G / 2.4G / 5.8G transceiver transmitter-receiver Vcan1818 -
COFDM wireless Ethernet transparent transmission module 100M bps RJ45 FDD yees duab transmitter thiab receiver -
COFDM IP wireless yees duab transmitter module Ib-txoj kev Ethernet transparent transmission network chaw nres nkoj vcan1816 -
22km wireless yees duab rc tswj txuas rau ip ethernet koob yees duab transmitter thiab receiver fhss Vcan1806
Tseeb kuaj yees duab rau cov drone long-range Wirless yees duab Transmitter thiab Receiver
2W PA 27KM tiag kuaj los roob saum toj kawg nkaus rau seaside Line-of-Sight
tseeb 110riam Kuaj yees duab rau cov drone Long-range Wirless yees duab Transmitter thiab Receiver
NLOS wireless yees duab transmitter thiab receiver kuaj yees duab hauv tsev nyom tsis kab pom
65 KM drone UAV yeej ya wireless yees duab Transmission
65 KM drone UAV yeej ya wireless yees duab Transmission
1.5km rau hauv pem teb NLOS, 10-20-30km POOB cua rau hauv pem teb wireless yees duab transmitter receiver transmission
COFDM-912T NLOS (tsis-kab pom) 1.5km tiag tiag nyob hauv lub nroog, vaj tse, ntoo thiab txoj kev
Web device tswj UI rau UAV wireless yees duab txuas transmitter transmission los IP Net koob yees duab
Pheej yig CVBS RCA 720p wireless yees duab Transmitter + 1080P Receiver Support 128 encryption
COFDM-912T yeej kuaj hauv lub nroog complex, kev sib kis ntawm lub tsheb, receiver nyob rau hauv lub tsev
Pheej yig Wireless yees duab transmitter thiab receiver tus me me screen muaj zoo kawg thiab pab rau lub teeb liab zog xauv
OFDM Wireless yees duab Transmitter rau IP Koob yees duab Lightweight ntev ntau yam transmission Automatic Network
kis tau tus kab mob nyob deb li
Davhlau tswj protocol
Transmitter yees duab Input
Wireless Transmit txoj kev
Obstacle thiab pom
Encrypt thiab decrypt
Tus kab mob transmission kis tau tus kab
Cov Ntaub Ntawv Cob Qhia
Kav hlau txais xov
FAQs txog Wireless yees duab Transmitter thiab Receiver
Peb wireless yees duab transmitters muaj cov hom yees duab input interfaces: HDMI 1080P thiab 4K HDMI, CVBS composite, SDI, AHD, IP Ethernet, BNC, lossis qhia peb seb koj xav tau dab tsi, Peb engineer yuav hloov mus ntsib koj thov.
Peb transmission nyob deb li cas yuav tau kho los ntawm ntxiv hwj huam amplifiers. Thaum tam sim no, Lub ntsiab yog cov tseem ceeb 15riam, 30riam, 50riam, 80riam, 100riam , thiab 150km, nyob ntawm seb cov neeg muas zaub.
Tau mas, Tus transmission nyob deb li cas muaj nyob saum toj no yog tag nrho tsis pub dhau POOB cov line-of-sight ntau yam. Yog hais tias muaj obstacles ntawm tus transmitter thiab cov receiver, NLOS (Cov-line-of-sight), Tus transmission nyob deb li cas yog txo, Tsuas 1km los yog 2km, Nyob ntawm seb tus intermediate obstacles thiab lub zos wireless ib puag ncig.
ib-txoj kev txhais tau tias, Peb yuav tsuas transmit thiab download yees duab los yog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov wireless yees duab transmitter rau lub receiver nyob rau hauv ib cov kev taw qhia, Thiab peb tsis tau upload yees duab los yog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm tus receiver rau tus transmitter. Hom no kuj hu ua yooj yim.
Ob-txoj kev txhais tau hais tias, Tsis zoo xwb peb yuav download yees duab los yog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm peb wireless transmitter rau tus receiver, Tab sis kuj peb yuav upload tus yees duab los yog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov receiver rau lub transmitter. Qhov no yog suitable heev rau kev khiav hauj lwm drones. Koj yuav tsis tsuas pom lub sij hawm yees duab real-time yees duab kis ntawm tus drone, Tiam sis kuj upload tus hais kom tswj cov drone los yog hais kom tswj lub koob yees duab PTZ koob yees duab kom kho lub kaum sab xis rau lub transmitter. Qhov no yuav khiav lag luam simultaneously. Hom no kuj hu ua ib nrab-dulpex los yog full-duplex.
Thov xyuas kom paub meej txog qhov txuas ntawm qhov txuas hauv qab no. https://ivcan.com/request-a-quote-of-wireless-video-transmission/#simplex
Feem ntau Wireless yees duab transmitters tam sim no txhawb AES128 los yog AES256 encryption thiab decryption, nyob ntawm seb tus qauv uas koj xaiv. Thov tiv tauj peb kom paub tseeb tias.
Cov frequencies ntawm ob lub wireless yees duab transmitter thiab cov wireless yees duab receiver hloov. Cov neeg siv yuav tsum muas ntxiv parameter configuration boards.
tiam sis, Xav tias tus corresponding hwj huam amplifier thiab antenna twb tas nyob rau hauv ib chav ntau yam thaum cov khoom xa tawm. Yog hais tias tus neeg siv kho cov frequency ntawm tus transmitter, corresponding hwj huam amplifier, transmitter antenna thiab receiver antenna yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau tib zaus, thiab cov neeg siv yuav tsum tau npaj. Yog hais tias tsis yog, Nws yuav ua rau kom cov frequency ntawm tus wireless yees duab transmitter yuav txawv ntawm tus frequency ntawm tus antenna, txais tos. Li ntawd, thov nco ntsoov qhia qhov tseeb zaus koj yuav tsum tau ua ntej tso ib qho kev txiav txim.
Yog hais tias nws yog kev ruaj ntseg los yog tsis pub leej twg paub, Koj ua tau siv cov encryption thiab decryption kev ua hauj lwm ntawm tus transmitter thiab receiver, uas yuav xyuas kom meej tias koj tus yees duab transmission yog lwm yam. .
Yog, tag nrho peb cov khoom parameters yuav tau customized Raws li cov neeg muas zaub xav tau. Yog koj muaj ib daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb, thov qhia rau peb paub ntawm qhov txuas hauv qab no.
https://ivcan.com/request-a-quote-of-wireless-video-transmission/
- Hloov qhov chaw ntawm tus receiver Kom tsis txhob muaj tej lub zos cuam tshuam los ntawm muaj zog magnetic tej chaw.
- Xyuas kom meej tias cov antennas rau Ob leeg tus transmitter thiab receiver yog vertical.
- Thov sau tus antennas ntawm tus transmitter thiab receiver rau tswj tau ib qhov siab qhov txawv.
- Thov saib ib ncig xyuas kom meej tias Yog tsis muaj obstacles ntawm tus transmitter thiab receiver.
- Hloov qhov kev paub tab tus receiver antenna.
- Yog hais tias nws tsis ua hauj lwm, Sim Tsiv mus nyob ze txoj hauj lwm transmitter txoj hauj lwm Saib yog hais tias nws tshaj qhov zoo wireless transmission nyob deb li cas.
- Los yog xav txog ntxiv ib relay ntawm tus transmitting Ntawm tus transmitter thiab receiver.
- Tus antenna yuav tsum tau siab tawm hauv pem teb kom tau, Raws li hauv pem teb yuav absorb lub teeb liab.
Tau mas, Peb kuj to taub tias wireless yees duab transmission transmitters thiab receivers kim heev. Koj nyob deb deb ntawm lub teb chaws Suav Hoobkas. thiab vam tias cov khoom uas koj tau txais haum rau qhov kev kawm zoo tshaj plaws.
Yog hais tias koj them tshwj xeeb rau ib parameter los yog muaj nuj nqi, Peb yuav coj ib co yeeb yaj duab raws li cov nta koj xav pom, thov hu rau peb. Nws yuav tsis tau shipped rau koj ncaj qha tsis tau koj pom zoo.
Mus kuaj qhov qeeb ntawm tus wireless yees duab transmitter thiab receiver, peb yuav tsum tau ua ob txoj kev ntsuam xyuas.
Thawj yog mus kuaj qhov qeeb los ntawm lub koob yees duab rau cov zaub.
Tus thib ob yog lub koob yees duab, Ntxiv rau cov zaub ntxiv rau cov duab wireless transmission transmitter thiab tus qeeb ntawm tus receiver.
Subtracting qhov kev kuaj ntawd ob yog qhov qeeb ntawm tus wireless yees duab transmitter thiab receiver.
Raws li ib tug professional long-range HDMI wireless yees duab transmitter thiab receiver supplier thiab manufacturer nyob Suav teb Shenzhen, Peb ua tus zoo wireless yees duab transmitter thiab receiver rau ntau xyoo, Thiab peb tau txais ib lub koob npe nrov zoo thiab zoo dua.
Ib txhia nto moo hom wireless yees duab transmitters, Dubmagic, Holyland mars 300 400s, Accsoon cine qhov muag 5g, RavenEye, Zhiyun, Inkee benbox, ua tsis taus, CVW SWIFT 800, dahua, iogear, Artek pat-225k, microlite, nyrius, teradek.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws wireless broadcast yees duab transmitter thiab cov receiver muaj ntau daim ntaub ntawv, rau 4K tv, CCTV ruaj ntseg koob yees duab, tsheb backup koob yees duab, PTZ yees duab yees duab kit, roj teeb-powered, computer, sony camcorder, wifi yees duab sablaj lawv, CANON DSLR, UAV drone, pc computer laptop, projector, tsheb, iPhone iPad, kwj dej, GoPro kev ua si koob yees duab, raspberry pi, Xbox.
Daim ntawv qhia txog HD yees duab, suab, Cov ntaub ntawv txuas me me 1080P wireless yees duab transmitter thiab cov receiver muaj ntau input thiab tso zis connectors, AV composite CVBS, HDMI, SDI, BNC, VGA, USB.
Tus wireless yees duab transmitter sender TX RX frequency muaj 170-806Mhz, 1.2ghz, 2.4G, 5.8G, tab sis tsis xoom latency. Yuav kom them nyiaj yug nyob deb li cas, Lub hwj huam amplifier muaj 10w, 20watts, thiab txawm 30W.
Dab tsi yog ib tug zoo yuav FHD wireless yees duab transmitter ntawm tus nqi pheej yig? Nws yuav tsum xav txog koj cov lus yuav tsum tau, xaiv suitably, kim, yog koj tsis ntseeg, thov fulfil lub thov ib tsocai ib daim ntawv, Peb engineer yuav muab koj cov kua tshuaj.
Tseeb 2W hwj huam Amplifier 27 KM ntev-ntau yam wireless yees duab transmitter receiver nyob demo duab cov ntaub ntawv txuas transmission hauv 2022
Thiaj li yuav zoo qhia peb cov neeg muas zaub cov kev them nyiaj yug nyob deb li cas thiab siv cov nyhuv ntawm lub 2W PA 30km long-distance duab transmission transmitter thiab receiver, Peb ua ib txoj kev kuaj tsis ntev los no thiab pom ib Meisha Peak, Ntawm no mus rau lub seaside ntawm Nan'ao, Tus nyob deb li cas 27 kilometers. No [...]
Nyeem NtxivFeb
Tshiab ntev-ntau yam wireless yees duab transmitter thiab receiver rau drone koob yees duab 110km 10W PA wireless yees duab audio txuas tiag tiag
110km kuaj yees duab ntawm tus ntev-ntau yam wireless yees duab transmitter thiab receiver rau lub drone yees duab yees duab vim li cas peb xav ua no 110km ntev-ntau yam kev kuaj no lub sij hawm no? Ib txhia neeg nug kuv tus nyob deb li cas ntawm tus wireless yees duab transmitter thiab receiver, Tam sim no peb pom zoo no 10W hwj huam Amplifier qauv, [...]
Nyeem NtxivOct
Tseeb Wireless yees duab audio Transmitter thiab Receiver kuaj yees duab hauv 2022
Wireless yees duab cov ntaub ntawv Audio Transmitter thiab Receiver TX900 2 Watts 27km kuaj yees duab ntawm roob saum toj kawg nkaus rau lub seaside. (Yees duab hauv) Wireless yees duab cov ntaub ntawv Audio Transmitter thiab Receiver, Ob-txoj kev, Download-Upload ib tug neeg pom peb kuaj yees duab tiag txog cov 2 watts Hwj huam Amplifier 27km ntev-ntau yam wireless yees duab transmitter thiab receiver. Nws [...]
Nyeem NtxivSep
60-80 km wireless yees duab transmitter receiver transmission yeej ya kuaj
Yeej ib drone ya kuaj ntawm 60-80 km wireless yees duab transmitter receiver transmission qhov no yog ib tug yees duab transmitter thiab receiver rau drone UAV koob yees duab, qhov zoo tshaj plaws 2023, Thiab nws muaj ntau txaus siab rau kev ntsuam xyuas. Nws kuj txhawb av rau hauv pem teb, Yog hais tias koj muaj peb tes num uas xav tau ib tug yees duab transmitter [...]
Nyeem NtxivOct